Introduction:
A hard
disk drive (HDD is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information using rapidly rotating discs coated with
magnetic material. An HDD retains its data even when powered off. Data is read in a random-access manner, meaning individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order
rather than sequentially. An HDD consists of one or more rigid ("hard")
rapidly rotating discs with magnetic heads arranged on a moving actuator arm to read and write data to the surfaces.
Introduced by IBM in 1956 HDDs became the dominant secondary storage device for general purpose computers by the early 1960s. Continuously improved, HDDs have maintained this position into the modern era of servers and personal computers. More than 200 companies have produced HDD units, though most current units are manufactured by Seagate, Toshiba and Western Digital. The two most common form factor for modern HDDs are 3.5-inch in desktop computers and 2.5-inch in laptops. HDDs are connected to systems by standard interface cables such as SATA (Serial ATA), USB or SAS (Serial attached SCSI) cables.
Hard Disk Drive
Types:
A modern PC uses
one or more of the following hard disks:
External
Hard Drives
Internal
Hard Drives
Laptop
Hard Drives
Partition
for HDD
1.Primary
Partition:
Windows
operating systems must be located in a primary partition.
Only primary
partitions can be used to boot the operating system.
2.Extended
Partition:
A hard disk may
contain only one extended partition.
the extended
partition can be subdivided into multiple logical
partitions (Other than OS is
a Extended Partition).
3.Logical
Partition:
Linux operating
systems can be installed into (and run from) logical partitions.
4.Active
Partition:
Only one
partition on a computer can be set as an active
partition or bootable partition.
For example, if
you are using Microsoft Windows the partition that contains Windows is the
active partition.
File system in HDD
1.FAT (File
Allocation Table)
2.NTFS (New
Technology File System)
FAT
|
NTFS
|
Its not a
security
|
Its a
security
|
Partition
size is max 32GB
|
Partition size is 1 (Tera Bytes)
|
Does not
support data comparison
|
It
support data compression
|
Does not
support disk quota
|
Its
support disk quota
|
Window OS conformability (95,98.ms-dos)
|
Window OS
conformability
( 2000,xp
,vista, win 7 )
|
Partitions and Drive Letters:
Active
partition: The partition that needs to contain the OS’s files because the BIOS
looks to this partition for them.
Master boot
record (MBR): The area on a hard disk that contains boot file; this is the
first sector on the disk.
Physical disk: A
hard drive.
Disk
partitioning: The act of dividing a hard disk drive into multiple virtual hard
disk drives.
MBR- Master Boot Record:
The first sector
of the Hard Disk.
- Usually only 512 bytes.
Contains:
- Table of primary partitions
- Disk Signatures
- Directions for starting the operating
system.
HDD
Capacity and Size Information:
When
pure chasing a hard disk drive, the term megabytes, gigabytes or terabytes may
be confusing terms. The following table gives you an example of each of these
terms and how they compare to other sizes.
Term
|
Equal to
|
Bit
|
0 or 1
|
Kb(Kilobit)
|
1,024 bits
|
Byte
|
8 bits (approximately one character in a Word
document)
|
KB(Kilobyte)
|
1,024 bytes
|
MB(Megabyte)
|
1,024 Kilobytes or 1,048,576 Bytes
|
GB(Gigabyte)
|
1,024 Megabytes or 1,073,741, 824 Bytes
|
TB(Terabyte)
|
1,024 Gigabytes or 1,099,511,627,776 Bytes
|
PB(Petabyte)
|
1,024 Terabytes or about 1,000,000,000,000,000
Bytes
|
EB(Exabyte)
|
1,024 Petabytes or about 1,000,000,000,000,000,000
Bytes
|
ZB(Zetabyte)
|
1,024 Exabytes or about
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Bytes
|
YB(Yottabyte)
|
1,024 Zetabytes or about
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Bytes
|
Troubleshooting:
you must troubleshoot the problem
related to hard disk when the system does not start, the system displays error
while booting, or the hard disk does not display the correct storage
capacity.
SYSTEM Cannot Detect Hard Disk:
Restore the BIOS settings to factory
default settings.
Check if the interface cable connecting
the hard disk to the motherboard is
connected properly.
Check, if the power connector is
properly connected to hard disk.
Set
the proper jumper settings if multiple hard disks are present.
Connect the hard disk using a different
interface cable that you know is working.
Install the hard disk on a different
systems to Check if it is working.
A
Sound is coming from Hard Disk Drive:
The
hard disk is making a buzzing or rattling noise. The drive is vibrating when it
is in use.
Check whether the hard disk is mounted
properly into the case. tighten the screws to hold the hard disk to the bay.
Remove all the connectors from HDD and
reconnect them properly.
If hard disk is new and making a noise,
then replace the hard disk.
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